Gambling Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Gambling, while it lowers taxes and creates jobs, it also causes addicts to lose money and therefore creates a higher crime rate.A Quick History of Gambling.Gambling was a popular pastime in North America long before there was ever a United States. Playing cards and dice were brought over by both the British and the Dutch. By the end of the 17th century, just about every countryseat in colonial America had a lottery wheel. Cockfighting flourished thoughout the countries, especially in the South. Bear Baiting was also a popular sport, but the Puritans banned it.(Ortiz 4)Almost 100 years later gambling in the West gave gambling a second life. Early church leader struck down all forms of gambling and so in the East gambling for the most part died completely. Far from both government controls and moral interference of reform groups in the East, gambling became so popular in the West that Monte tables were often setup in the middle of the town.(Donovon 13)Organized CrimeDuring the Prohibition Era (1920-1933), illegal gambling was organized into an authoritarian regional and national system. Responsibility for the syndication of gambling is usually attributed to Arnold Rothstein, who invented the inner-city layoff. He is also known for master minding the "Black Sox" scandal in which the White Sox threw the 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds to assure gambling profits.Gambling legally, once again, becomes acceptable.Since the 1970s, the United States has turned full circle in its attitude toward gambling. Three hundred years ago, the "sport", mostly in the form of lottery, was seen as a perfectly acceptable way to raise money for public purposes.(Savage 12) Over the past several years, slow economic growth, cuts in federal funding to states, and growing public needs have forced many desperate state and even local government to seek additional sources of revenue. Most states have turned to lotteries, horse and dog racing, and, most recently, a growing number of states have resorted to casino gambling as a way to raise money and keep taxes low.(James B5)Sports gamblingDuring the late 1980s, and early 1990s, several states have tried to introduce sports betting, either as part of lottery, like sports pool, or as sports bookmaking. Never the less, the leader of the nation's sports integrity, including the National Basketball Association (... ... spend money gambling," and 59 percent thought that "gambling can erode young people's work ethics." The respondents were evenly split on whether "gambling teaches children that one can get something for nothing" with 49 percent agreeing and 48 percent disagreeing.(Siebel 82)ConclusionIn conclusion gambling is alright as long as its is done in moderation. Also if you know that you have a problem with gambling you should call the gamblers hotline so that you can get the help that you need before it's to late. I would also like to say I learned a lot from this research paper. I hope whomever reads this research paper does so to. Works CitedDonovan, Hedley. The Gamblers. Alexandria: Time-Life Books, 1978.Goddu, Jenn. "Blue Chip lives up too most of its goals." Hammond Post-Tribune 24 Feb. 1999: E1+James, Rich. "All five casinos show January revenue drop." Hammond Post-Tribune 23 Feb. 1999: B5+Ortiz, Darwin. Gambling Scams. New York: Dodd, Mead + Company, 1984.Savage, Jeff. A Sure Thing?. Minnesota: Lerner Publications Company, 1997.Siebel, Mark A, Nancy Jaids, and Alison Lanes. Gambling Crime or Recreation. Texas: Information Plus, 1996.

Organizational Responsibilities Essay

According to the American Medical Association (AMA) an impaired physician is unable â€Å"to practice medicine with reasonable skill and safety due to mental illness, physical illness, including but not limited to deterioration through the aging process, or loss of motor skill or excessive use or abuse of drugs, including alcohol† (API, 2011). The scenario presented for this assignment involves Dr. Smith a talented and skillful cardiac surgeon on staff at a local community hospital, who is currently engaged in a divorce. On multiple incidences, hospital staff members observed Dr. Smith to be intoxicated. On one of these occasions, a nurse observed him the night before he was scheduled to operate, inebriated, and notified her supervisor. On the morning of surgery, Dr. Smith called in sick. There is great concern on the part of the hospital administration that Dr. Smith may perform surgery in an impaired state, noting he recently has made errors during surgery. A Health care organization’s ultimate responsibility is to the patients it serves, and to make certain that physicians, either employed or privileged, are competent and functioning appropriately while providing quality patient care (Ohlsen, 2006). Under the doctrine of corporate negligence, â€Å"the hospital is liable if it fails to uphold the proper standard of care owed the patient, which is to ensure the patient’s safety and well-being while at the hospital† (Pozgar, 2010, p. 242). Hospitals hold certain nondelegable duties unrelated to the negligence an employee may commit. Two nondelegable duties include monitoring the quality of care rendered by the medical staff, and hiring and keeping competent physicians (Pozgar, 2010). Allowing Dr. Smith to operate with the knowledge that he has committed errors during the performance of†¦ [continues]

Educational System Essay

The educational system has always been a topic to discuss. Whether for or against the argument, the educational system seems to be at the bottom of the nations priorities. Mainly the questions asked is where funding can come from, the participation needed, and the choices between educational systems. Since education is how a society must strive and expand in its knowledge and economy, the educational system for such should be at its forefront. Nevertheless, the educational system argument is one that seems to be overlooked and unnoticed. That is of course until now. In the opposition, some would argue that the education system does not pose a problem, suggesting that funding does not need to come from government and that we should spend more funds into law enforcement and military protection. They would argue that education for these individuals, such as military and police academies, does not come from our education fund. The opposition would discard the idea of participation needed from parents and loved ones and the emotional need for one to grow in an educational institute. This includes all camps and safety patrol that ensures children’s education beyond the classroom and the safety of children who do commute on foot. The opposing side would argue that there is no difference between educational systems and that all standards are the same. There is no difference between graduating from prestigious schools like Whitney or Woodcreek high, and graduating from a continuation school like Adelante high. Of course this would have no affect that persons ability to find jobs and employment opportunities, or the fact that year after year our country finds employees from other countries to do our jobs since we are not educated enough to perform ourselves. Not at all. Based off a study done by PBS, the total expenditures for education were about 7.5 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1994-95. That means less than ten percent our our GDP was spent on educating our future members of society and ensuring economic strength. Expenditures for schooling is not the same from state to state. Each state spends a separate amount of money on education, all while being below ten percent of the GDP. There are more fundraisers and expenditures spent on law enforcement and entertainment than education across the states all together. The government should impose a mandatory minimum requirement of ten percent of the GDP earned by states to go to education. Schools would serve food for children that is not mediocre, while possibly providing students with school supplies instead of mandating students to bring class sets of tissues, spare sets of binder paper, and pens and pencils (a requirement of many classes i attended while in grade school). This would also mean new textbooks for students and education beyond the classroom such as camps or field trips. Participation is necessary for education. An educational statistic study was researched by Education.com, stating that mothers who did not finish high school struggle with reading and comprehension today. Only forty-one percent of parents read to their children everyday. While participation is not mandatory, it does help in a child’s growth. Students are unable to attend camps without volunteers like parents and volunteer instructors and staff. Field trips cannot happen without proper volunteering as well. Who remembers safety patrol? This program was composed of students and parent volunteers alike. Without them, students who commute on foot would not be safe from oncoming traffic that is unaware of their presence. Not just parent, but family participation is crucial to a child’s growth. The educational system has its own funding problems as well. There are multiple schooling systems to choose from and some have more funding than others. Private schools have a fee that is needed for tuition, so overall funding is fed by the students. Charter schools work the same way. Public schooling is completely dependent upon the state and federal government. There should be mandatory educational laws that should only differentiate based on location (like learning how to swim if next to an ocean). Each state has its own standards and the government has its own standard that needs to be met in the curriculum taught. The standard differences make some schools more prestigious while others are left behind. Would you rather have your child graduate from a community college or from a state university? Requirements for education should be the same throughout the country, not split up upon state or even county. With all these things depending on factors that some are unable to control, the battle for education is never won. While some may wonder where funding can come from, participation, and the choices between educational systems, there are some who look at the bigger picture. The education system today can be saved through societies efforts. We should use the education we have received to teach our offspring more than we were able to know. Striving as a country will not only benefit us, but will benefit the nation as a whole. The children of today are the future of today.

First deserve then desire Essay

First deserve then desire is a well-known English saying which shows how the way to glory and success can be paved by having certain abilities and capabilities. It is a fact that a man can’t get what he wants just by day-dreaming and building castles in the air. For his lofty ideals and goals, a man has to put his abilities into practice and strive to go extra mile to realize his cherished dreams. A life spent mere by words and not by productive deeds is worthless and such a person may have many desires, wishes and ambitions but he can’t realize his dreams into reality simply because he does not toil to realize his ambitions into reality and does not deserve the glory and success attached to his ambitions. History bears ample witness to the fact that all the great men who left a deep mark and influence on the world were men of actions. They practically did what they said and meant. In other words, they deserved the status they got through their untiring efforts and struggles. It is said that genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. If we go through the pages of history, it will be found that all the great men worked extremely hard to translate their ideals into reality. It would be pertinent to mention here the examples of some great men who truly deserved the status and honour the world accorded to them. To begin with, Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), who was 16th President of the United States, was born to a poor farmer. He toiled extremely hard to deserve this status. He faced many ups and downs in his life. He played a key role in preserving the unity of America during its bloody civil war and ended slavery. He modernized and developed America. Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965) who was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during the second World War, could not pass the entrance examination to Harrow Public School when he was barely ten or eleven years old. He disliked the exams as most of the students tend to dislike exams. But, soon, he developed passion for education and utilized his potential to become a great

Punjabi Woman: a Momentum Journey from Dark to Dawn Essay

Punjab is the home of Mata Kaushalia and Mata Sita, the self effacing wives and mothers who would not thwart a commitment made by their husbands to a rival, even when that would make their own life an unmitigated agony. The role of Punjabi women as commandos in the battle-fields is no less glorious. Sada Kaur and Rani Sahib Kaur is remembered as one of the greatest generals of her time even in the Afghan records those have successfully defended their kingdom against the attacks of the Marathas, Afghans and European adventurers and chased them away from the battlefield. This shows the women of Punjab had an equal share in the re-building of India. Through Kuka, Nirankari, Arya Samaj, Dev Samaj, Congress and Akali movements, the women of Punjab has played an equally commendable role in the freedom struggle against the Britishers. This article is an effort to put a light on the hardships of the Punjabi women that how they have stood shoulder to shoulder with their men in war and in peace and how they have crossed their journey from dark to dawn. They gave up the pleasures of a princely home to fight for the independence of India., acquired the prominent places in the Indian administration, some became the first Health Minister of India and some of them became commanders of the Rani Jhansi Regiment of the Indian National Army, and gave her life while fighting for India’s independence in Assam. Now they have grown from their hard times and today the enlighten women paved the way for them to adopt new professions especially in the field of law, medicine and teaching and existed as a New Woman with New Spirit __________ â€Å"Punjabi Woman: A Momentum Journey from Dark to Dawn† Miss. Ritu Assistant professor in Laws , KCL Institutes of Laws, Jalandhar. â€Å"Women have great talent, but no genius for they always remain subjective,† said Schopenhauer in â€Å"World as Will and Idea†. Greek philosophers thought a â€Å"woman is an unfinished man left standing at a lower step in the scale of development. The male is by nature superior and female inferior. The one is the ruler and the other ruled. Woman is weak of will and, therefore incapable of independence of character and position.† Such prejudices prevail even today. On the threshold of a new millennium the status of woman is still to be elevated to that of man. The position and status of women varied from time to time in the different societies. The early Vedic times of the ancient period were free from many of the social evils that harmed the Indian society in the later eras. At that time women were assigned high status in the society. But during the post-vedic period, women lost that status which she once enjoyed in society. She became a subject of protection and treated as a second class citizen. In the great Indian mythology of Mahabharat the heroes of the legend, the Pandavas, lost their wife Draupadi in a card game! She was offered after their other valuables, like gold and land, had been lost in the gambling game. Against this backdrop it is significant that Sikhism, one of the world’s youngest religions, accorded women complete equality with men in all spheres of life. Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469-1539), founder of the Sikh religion made Sikhism conform to enlightened, simple, practical, progressive and humane ideals right from its inception. Guru Nanak Dev Ji understood and appreciated the unifying role of women in society and worked for their emancipation. Sikh scriptures categorically state that man and woman together make society a composite and well balanced whole and should not be viewed as a threat to one another. Women as multifaceted personalities had a significant role to play in society. â€Å"Then why call her evil from whom are great men born, And without woman none could exist The eternal Lord is the only one, O Nanak Who depends not on woman?† (Guru Granth Sahib, P. 473) Such thinking was revolutionary and far ahead of the times. Bibi Nanaki, the elder sister of Guru Nanak, was a perfect example. The Guru was especially close to her and regarded her as his inspiration and mentor. Nanaki had implicit faith in her brother’s ideology and encouraged him in his life’s mission and became the first person to be initiated into Sikhism by Guru Nanak. Guru Nanak’s ideals were given a practical shape and consolidated by Guru Amar Das (1479 – 1574), the third Sikh Guru. He was a great champion of women’s rights who based his concepts on complete gender equality and specified norms for ameliorating the status of women in medieval India. Guru Amar Das stopped contemptuous references to women as mere child-bearing machines. â€Å"Blessed is the woman who creates life†, he wrote in the Granth Sahib. During his pontifications, he made sure women were provided opportunities to lead more meaningful lives which enabled them to actively participate in social and religious affairs. For the propagation of the faith’s ideology, he created twenty two administrative units called manjis or parishes. Of these four were headed by women – which were unheard of in those times. In status these four women were equal to modern Bishops because each enjoyed full economic and decision-making powers within her parish or manji. During the medieval age, condition of women was again degrading. Muslim attacks made people to protect their ladies and compelled them to shut the weaker sex behind the four walls of the houses. Purdah system, polygamy, child marriage and other evils started creeping into the society which affected the condition of women. But still during that time many socio-religious movements like Sufism and Bhakti movement tried to emancipate women. The Sikh Gurus and their great ladies became social reformers, acknowledged the importance of woman and voiced their opinion against the prejudices of society like child marriage, sati system, purdah, enforced widowhood and others. With the creation of Khalsa on the Baisakhi day of 1699 by Guru Gobind Singh ji, Sikhism underwent a major transformation. The Khalsa was created to instill a fresh spirit of courage and confidence among the Guru’s followers. Here again women were an integral part of the celebrations. At the time of taking Amrit a man was given the name â€Å"Singh† (lion) and women added â€Å"Kaur† (princess) to their names. The suffix â€Å"Kaur† is of immense significance as a woman was recognised as an individual who need not take her husband’s name after marriage. She could use the word â€Å"Kaur† after her name from birth to death. The word ‘Kaur† is derived from the word â€Å"kanwar† – the son of a king. This empowers Sikh women, Apart from equality in socio-religious affairs, could participate in political matters as well, including leading an army into battle. This gave women in Sikhism a sense of enormous self-confidence. Guru Gobind Singh’s widow Mata Sundari played a key role in Sikh history for forty momentous years. She issued Hukamnamas (decrees) to the Khalsa giving directions at a critical juncture and successfully guided the destiny of the Sikh against both the Afghan invaders and various claimants to the â€Å"Guruship†. Rani Sada Kaur, the brave mother-in-law of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is aptly described as a first woman commander-in-chief. She became a young widow when her husband was killed in battle. She used this crisis to transform herself into a woman-warrior, donning a high turban and battlefield garb with full weaponry. She commanded numerous battles and eventually laid the foundation for the Sikh empire. Rani Jinda, married to Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the mother of Dalip Singh, the ruler of Lahore kingdom, was the brain behind the rising of 1848-49 against the British authorities. She was known for her intelligence and intrepid spirit, Jindan was one of the few persons who was intensely disliked and also feared by the British. She was the first female freedom fighter in the struggle to oust the British from India. After the annexation of Punjab by the Britishers in 1849, various changes occurred in the modern era of the Punjab. It was the period where on the one hand a tuff struggle for freedom was on the peak and on the other a concerted effort was also made to form a new woman. The Board of Administration was formed by the Britishers and they started working for their vested interests which in return had some positive impact on the society of Punjab. Some socio-religious reform movements like Singh Sabha, Namdhari, Arya Samaj, Kukas and others began to develop in Punjab during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and played a significant role in the history of Punjab. They raised voice for women emancipation. They all fought against social evils like sati system, female infanticide, child marriage, purdah system, widowhood, polygamy, prejudices against female education and many more. These social reformers opened various schools, colleges, gurukuls for girls in the different parts of Punjab. Most of the writings of the missionaries, colonial administrators or social reformers were the narrative of women’s slow but progressive march towards modernity following a period of stagnation. These accounts gave importance to women’s biological differences; specification of their nature, the role played by them and categorized them into single strata irrespective of their class, caste and hierarchies of their age. A concerted effort was made by the vernacular press especially magazines, journals and newspapers through their editorials, articles, essays and others to motivate and encourage women who were having a segregated existence in the society. Female education was given importance and stress was laid on the domestic household work for girls in the early decades of 1900s. A new woman-educated, free from the shackle of purdah, accomplished in domestic skills, devoted to the husband and family, an intelligent companion, an ideal mother, producer and nurturer of a strong masculine race and custodian of tradition, was portrayed. Rich and higher classes wanted to educate their girls as the education became eligibility for their marriages, on the other hand, the poor and middle class people needed bread winners for their family. The journey from education to occupation by the girls in Punjab was crossed. The educational experiments of the government and reformers produced a â€Å"new woman† with interests that were beyond the household. The main objectives of their associations was to make society evil free and gave special attention to the female upliftment. The Chief Khalsa Diwan of Amritsar was established in 1902 to promote the spiritual, intellectual, moral, social, educational and economic welfare of the people and the girls of orphanage were sent to different schools in Punjab for getting education. The Central Vidwa Ashram for the welfare of widows was also established where they were imparted technical and vocational education. The Sikh Educational Conferences were also conducted annually by the Diwan from 1908. From 1908 to 1947, thirty three sessions of the conference were held and all the issues dealing with female education were regularly discussed. The royal women of the different princely states like Nabha, Patiala, Jind and others were the patrons of the conference. These conferences made women of Punjab to come forward and they began to communicate with their counterparts outside their families and local communities. These later became a platform for the women to participate in public life and the freedom struggle for India. The entry of Mahatma Gandhi and the Jallianawala Bagh tragedy of 1919 made women of Punjab to directly participate in the non-cooperation Movement of 1920-22. They held the meetings, led the processions, boycotted foreign goods, adopted the slogan of swadeshi and indulged in the picketing of foreign cloth shops and liquor shops. Sarla Devi Chaudhrani, Parvati Devi of Kamalia, Puran Devi, Gauran Devi, Mrs. Duni Chand, Kumari Lajjavati, Lado RaniZutzhi were the few names who participated in the movement of 1920-22. The participation of 1920-22 was a sort of training programme for the future Satyagraha programmes of 1930-34 and 1940-42.Women’s participation in Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930-32 differed quantitatively and qualitatively from their involvement in the early 1920s and won them a place in history. As the Dandi March was initiated by Gandhi in 1930, women of Punjab inaugurated the movement by taking out processions, prabhat pheris and holding meetings. Regular processions were led by women like in Lahore the life and soul of the movement was Lado Rani Zutshi, Parvati Devi,Kartar Kaur, Atma Devi and many others. As the women were participating in all these activities of the campaign, the government also started arresting these women participants. In the year 1932,that is, in the mid of the movement, the number of women convictions in Punjab was gradually increasing and on average ten women were convicted every month. Thus, it was the women’s organizations and networks , developed between 1925 and 1930, that laid the ground work for their positive reaction to Gandhi’s call. The public participation of the women gained momentum. The All India Women’s Conference which was first organized in 1927 at Poona. The women of Punjab also participated in the twenty sessions of the conference from 1927-47. The participation was so important that one of the sessions of the conference was held at Lahore in 1931and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur belonging to the royal family of Kapurthala was a very active participant from Punjab in the conference. She was one of Gandhi’s closest lieutenants and took a leading part in protest marches which were subjected to ruthless lathi charges in Quit India Movement of 1942. The conference was also presided once by a Muslim lady of Punjab – Lady Abdul Qadir of Lahore in 1933. Sarla Devi Chaudharani also represented Punjab and initiated various resolutions during the period of freedom movement in India. The women from Punjab also participated in some of the sessions of Indian National Congress and went to the different ve nues of the sessions. Women of other provinces also came to Punjab to enlighten their fellow sisters like Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Muthu lakshmi Reddi and others. The active women were even appointed as parliamentary secretaries and were elected to the Punjab Legislative Council. Shrimati Lekhawati Jain (the first elected lady member of the Punjab Legislative Council), Mrs. Jahahara Shah Nawaz, Mrs. Duni Chand,Shrimati Raghbir Kaur were the few other elected members. The most important consequence of this public participation was that it cleared the way for the women of Punjab to show presence in the nationalist movement of India. Before the last phase of the struggle 1940-47, many of the women in Punjab were members and some were even leaders of the student associations (Lado Rani Zutshi in Lahore), and other political movements. Today, the 21st century continued to witness Punjabi women in the forefront in different spheres, especially in India’s independence movement. Some other outstanding women freedom fighters of Punjab were Gulab Kaur, Kishan Kaur, Amar Kaur, Harnam Kaur, Dilip Kaur and Kartar Kaur. Contemporary Punjabi women are making a mark all over the world as academicians, administrators, entrepreneurs, politicians, doctors, poets and painters. An important aspect of the rights conferred on women in the Sikh faith was that they did not have to fight for their rightful place in Sikh society: they were given their due voluntarily because of the enlightened ideals of the Gurus. In this way, the Punjabi women have proved that they are made of sterner stuff. They toiled, they fought, and they sacrificed. They believed in what they did. Indian history has recorded the astonishing vitality and matchless deeds of the daring daughters of India especially the Punjab, who continue to serve the country in fields almost unknown in the past. REFERENCES: * Geraldine Forbes, Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine and Historiography, New Delhi, Chronicle Books, 2005, * Aparna Basu, â€Å"The Role of Women in the Indian Struggle for Freedom in B.R. Nanda (ed), Indian Women : From Purdah to Modernity * Manju Verma, The Role of Women in the Freedom Movement in Punjab. * The Working Women and Popular Movements in Bengal, Calcutta, K.P. Bagehi and Co.: P.Custers, 1987. * â€Å"Traditional Symbols and New Roles, The Women’s Movement in India†, in M.S.A. Rao (ed.), SocialMovements in India, Vol.II, Delhi, Manohar, and 1982, â€Å"From Purdah to Politics; the Social Feminism of the All India Women’s Organizations†, in Hanna Papanek and Gail Minault, 1982, Separate Worlds, Delhi, Chanakya Publications. * Chanana, K., â€Å"Social Change or Social Reform: The Education of Women in Pre-Independence India†, in Chanana (ed.). * Jaspreet Singh, â€Å"Style of the Lion: The Sikhs† and â€Å"A Glimpse of the Sikh†.

Countries Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Countries Analysis - Assignment Example SOUTH AFRICA LABOUR ISSUES Labor force in South Africa has increased since the days of Apartheid. During Apartheid, most of the Blacks were working in the informal sector and mostly provided unskilled labor. In 1994 and 1995, officials revised employment statistics to join into national accounts employment in the former black homelands which were home to almost one-half of the black South African population subject to the revisions, in mid 1995, the government estimated the national work force to 14.3 million people.1 Section 23 of the Constitution of South Africa2 provides for labor relations that everyone has the right to fair labor practices, right to join a trade union and the right to engage in collective bargaining. In 1997, the country3 adopted a new constitution which set out the regulations and basic conditions of employment and the labor laws were to comply with the Republic. The Act applies to all employees save for the members of the National Defense Force, the National I ntelligence Agency, the Secret Service and unpaid volunteers. Section 7 of the Act gives the proviso for regulation of working times. It goes ahead to provide for the allowed rest period to include a rest period of at least 12 hours between ending and recommencing works daily. WAGES An employee must provide written particulars of employment before commencing employment which include place of work; designation of job; the rate payable for overtime and the employee wages. An employer has a duty to pay an employee remuneration that is paid in form of money, the payment has to be calculated by reference to the several hours the employee works, that is 45 hours a week, or 9 hours a day. Notice of termination has to be given to the employee some months or days before an employee is dismissed, this is provided for in the Act. The state enacted Labor Relations Acti which has undergone numerous amendments to change the law governing labor relations and, to give effect to section 27 of the Co nstitution. The Act regulates the rights of the organization; it regulates the rights of the trade unions; it promotes and facilitates collective bargaining at the workplace and at the sector level. The Labor Act also provides for the legal effect of collective agreements, Disputes about collective agreements, Agency shop agreements, Closed shop agreements, Establishment of bargaining councils, Powers and functions of bargaining council, Registration of bargaining councils and the Constitution of bargaining council. LABOR AND POLITICS South African Industrial development had relied on an abundance of low-wage labor for centuries in order to ensure profits,4 but as time went by, economic and social problems associated with implementing apartheid emerged. The development of new technologies during the 1960s and 1970s made most industries to increase their capital stock so that they could invest in machinery and employ a few skilled technicians rather than adopt a labor intensive metho d that would need training and managing a large work force. The trend towards capital-intensive operations led to a lower labor costs and increased productivity. As a result, there was an increased rate of unemployment and poverty which fueled resentment and this made the government to raise the costs of preserving apartheid. Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) was establishment in 1985 by 1990ii more than

Write a topic of your choice involving either a federal or Florida Essay

Write a topic of your choice involving either a federal or Florida state administrative law agency - Essay Example This essay will set forth the relevant portions of the MPRSA as it applies to ocean disposals of dredged materials and present a case from California where the MPRSA mandated civil penalties for a commercial dredging company. As an initial matter, the primary purpose of the MPRSA is to prevent the disposal of any materials in the ocean, within American jurisdiction, unless that disposal has previously been authorized by a permit granted by the United States Army Corps of engineers with the subsequent approval of the EPA (MPRSA section 101(a); 33 United States Code section 1411). A permit, however, is not easy to obtain; more importantly, as stated by the governing statute and administrative regulations, violating the terms of an otherwise legal permit is also unlawful and will result in civil liability. As a general rule, a permit may be obtained only when the ocean dumping does not â€Å"unreasonable degrade or endanger human health, welfare or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems or economic potentialities† (MPRSA section 102; United States Code section 1412). The Code of Federal Regulations sets forth guidelines for determining whether a particular permit application ought t o be approved or denied; and, while both the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the EPA are involved in assessing permit applications, the EPA is the superior administrative agency and its decisions override all other agencies (40 Code of Federal Regulations sections 225.1 & 225.2(c)). In short, the disposal of dredged materials in the ocean is prohibited, a permit application does exist, and there are very strict requirements for a permit to be approved. The MPRSA is enforced through section 105(a), which authorizes the EPA to assess a civil penalty not exceeding $50,000 per day for any violation. These violations may