The Legalization Of Medical Marijuana - 1314 Words

Thomas Gordon The Legalization of Medical Marijuana Health Care Research Utilization Marie Vasquez HCS 465 March 19, 2016 The Legalization of Medical Marijuana Marijuana is one of the most discussed and controversial topics in the U.S today. Many say that it has medicinal benefits and should be made legal. While many say that it has a â€Å"high potential for abuse† (Medical) and should remain illegal. Among the arguments, proponents for medical marijuana have presented a stronger argument for legalization through their use of research and evidence. Opponents of medical marijuana have given many reasons for why it should not be legalized. One of the main reasons they argue is that â€Å"Marijuana smoke contains known carcinogens and produces dependency in users† (Medical). In many studies it has shown that it does have some harm such as the harms associated with smoking, but the National Academy of Science affirmed that â€Å"marijuana’s short term medical benefits outweigh any smoking-related harms for some patients†(Medical). Though marijuana has been proven to be damaging to the lungs than tobacco, a study in 2006 â€Å"found no evidence that marijuana smokers had higher rates of lung cancer† (Medical Marijuana). The FDA has tested the effectiveness of marijuana and has found that the cannabinoids are helpful in â€Å"treating pain associated with chemotherapy, postoperative recovery, and spinal cord injury, as well as neuropathic pain, which is often experienced by patientsShow MoreRelatedLegali zation Of Medical Marijuana And Marijuana1486 Words   |  6 Pages Legalization of Medical Marijuana Name: Institution: Abstract In 1996, California set a pace that would lead to today’s debate on medical marijuana and marijuana as a whole by passing the Compassionate Use Act that allowed the use of medical marijuana. Other states have since followed the trend and school of thought, case in point; Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont andRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is the most frequently abused illegal substance worldwide. Not only is there no legitimate medical use, it has been tied to physical, mental, and emotional damages. â€Å"Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which contains the psychoactive (mind-altering) chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as other related compounds† (National Institute on Drug Abuse). There are many supporters of the legalization of medical marijuanaRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1558 Words   |  7 Pages Alaskan Thunderbolt Whether pro, con, user or bystander. The issue of the nationwide legalization of medical marijuana is one that infringes both in political and social standards. Be it that marijuana is subsequently abused, and utilized as an illegal drug. It is regarded highly, as a controversial issue which affects the amenity of conservative, modern America. Because of which one should further seek to understand. Things like its history, correlation with crime, effects on economy, effectsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana866 Words   |  4 PagesJimmy Fulcher Mrs. Gallos English 3 31 October 2014 Legalization of medical marijuana in North Carolina Legalizing medical marijuana for North Carolina would be extremely beneficial. Marijuana does not only relieve stress but it can cure symptoms of cancer, epilepsy, glaucoma, and Crohns’s disease. Twenty-three states have already legalized it and it has helped thousands of people. If something that is grown naturally in the earth can be beneficial to society and do the same job as all these drugsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana1957 Words   |  8 PagesMicki Mooberry Mr. Sullivan English III 15 September 2014 Legalization of Medical Cannabis Alzheimer disease, Glaucoma, AIDS, cancer, and over a hundred illnesses, all are adequately helped with this one drug that has been kept under lock and key by the law. Cannabis; marijuana; weed; a drug that has been around for thousands of years, yet not one death recorded, may be the most beneficial medicine out there. Cannabis is a drug that can be easily grown personally, or in a business, and is probablyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana2180 Words   |  9 PagesThe legalization of medical marijuana has brought into question various components of medical care for advance practice nurses (as well as others within the larger healthcare profession). In addition to navigating the legal complexities of care associated with this particular method, advance practice nurses must understand prescriptive rights, best practices for us and how statutory language as it is currently written has been amended for medical use. This is a growing movement in the healthcareRead MoreThe L egalization Of Medical Marijuana2985 Words   |  12 Pagesmany other nations as well, drug policy and the rationale behind these policies have started to undergo a tremendous shift. This change in public policy is visible to most through the ongoing legislation across America regarding the legalization of medical marijuana in 23 states, and recreational cannabis use becoming legal in 4 states as well (Hanson, 2015). This shift in public policy marks a significant turning point in the view of drugs and drug culture in the United States and reflects increasedRead MoreLegalization of Medical Marijuana Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesMedical Marijuana: A Topic Leaving People Up in Smoke Renee Grant ENC 1101-1002 Professor Bahle March 30, 2013 Medical Marijuana: A Topic Leaving People Up in Smoke Medical marijuana has been an ongoing fight between the federal government, physicians and patients. Contrary to many beliefs, marijuana, whether it is used for medical reasons or recreational is non-lethal. It has been proven to be useful in many medical conditions. There hasRead MoreThe Legalization of Medical Marijuana Essay520 Words   |  3 Pages Legalization of medical marijuana The green plant with many names like weed and bud, but more commonly known as Marijuana has been getting a lot of publicity because of the legalization of the plant in Oregon and Colorado for recreational use, yet its not legal for medical use in Ohio. Ohio is considered to be the next big state to legalize marijuana for medical use this november and could be a key state for legalization across the nation. Background The oldest recorded date for the plant wasRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana For Medical Use1537 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Medical Marijuana Elizabeth Vogt ENC 1101 Professor Ruppert Keiser University October 23, 2014 Abstract Many people have different opinions on the delicate topic of the legalization of marijuana for medical use. Although it could help those who suffer from chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), cachexia, spasticity, pain and rheumatoid arthritis, it also has a lot of negative side effects that many doctors and physicians are trying to inform the public. Some of these negative

Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

Question: Discuss about the Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes. Answer: Introduction Chronic diseases is a term used to refer to a group of long lasting diseases with persistent effects (AIHW, 2015). Examples of chronic diseases include diabetes, arthritis, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mental health conditions, back problems and cardiovascular disease. They result to 7 of 10 deaths annually (CDC, 2016). The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), state that of all Australians, approximately half have a chronic disease, with approximately 20% having atleast two, meaning that one in five Australians are affected by multiple chronic diseases. Diabetes is one of the most significant chronic disease affecting most people in the world, and whose occurrence and incidence has been increasing from decade to decade despite interventions being taken. In 1985, diagnosed individuals with the disease reached 30,million, in 1995 the number reached 135 million, in 2011 the number increased to 366 million and in 2030, the number is predicted to reach 552 million globally (Murea, Ma, Freedman, 2012). Additionally, the condition affects the health of many individuals and may result to other complications such as blood vessel and nerves damage. In this regard, diabetes is a chronic condition growing rapidly among populations, and its rate of growth is higher in comparison with other chronic conditions such as cancer, stroke and heart disease. This explains why this chronic condition was considered for exploration in this paper. The current paper, therefore, seeks to explore on diabetes as a chronic disease in Australia and worldwide, its public health significance, burden of disease, broad determinants and individual risk factors. Moreover, exploration of a framework utilized in prevention of chronic diseases and a review of its applicability to diabetes will be looked at. Diabetes can be categorized as either type 1, type 2 (diabetes mellitus), or gestational diabetes, and is among the most significant chronic diseases in Australia as well as globally. The condition comes about when the body fails to generate insulin or it is not produced in adequate amounts. Insulin is a hormone responsible for controlling blood glucose levels. Therefore, in its complete absence or not enouph, the blood sugar levels go out of control. Lack of enough production of insulin by the body results to type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabaetes is characterized by the ineffective use of available insulin by the body and is the most common among all diabetes types (WHO , 2016). On the other hand, gestational diabetes, unlike type 1 and type 2 diabetes, is a temporary condition occuring in pregnacy. However, gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are transitional conditions transiti oning diabetes and normal blood glucose. They increase the risk of stroke and heart attack (WHO , 2016). Type 2 diabetes, being the most common, is discussed in more detail compared to other types. As already mentioned, diabetes prevalence has been rapidly increasing consecutively for years now. The number rose from 30 million in 1985 to 135 million in 2011, and is expected to rise to 552 million in the near future, by 2030. According to World Health Organization, in 2014, about 422 million adults worldwide had and were living with diabetes, an increase from the 108million diabetic people in 1980 and an indication that since 1980, the global diabetes prevalence had doubled to 8.5 % from 4.7%. In this regard, the asssociated factors of risk of this disease such as obesity or overweight have increased. Additionally, diabetes prevalence has been found to rise more rapidly in developing nations as compared to developed nations. In Australia, about 1.2 million people had diabetes in 2014-2015, with one million hospitalization cases being associated with this disease (AIHW, 2016). Among this, one million were diabetes mellitus cases (4,4%)(AIHW, 2016). This numbers indicate a rise in numeral value of affected individuals in comparison to 2011-2012. Directly diabetes associated deaths were 1.5 million in 2012 globally. Moreover, the number of deaths indirectly associated with this disease added up to 2.2 million (WHO, 2016). These were deaths resulting from blood glucose higher than optimal, thus elevating cardiovascular as well as other diseases risk. 43% of the total number of deaths directly or indirectly associated with diabetes occurs in populations aged below 70 years. These statistics make diabetes the eighth leading death cause among both males and females (WHO, 2016). Among women, it was ranked as the fifth principal cause of mortality. In Australia, in 2014, 15740 deaths occurred, that is, 1 in 10 peoples deaths were associated with diabetes. Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) According to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the burden of disease constitutes both the prematurely dying burden and the living with ill health burden. This burden can be measured by disability indicators such as Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), which are important in portlaying the general burden of disease picture, just like mortality. A single DALY represent one year of lost healthy life as a resu;lt of death or illness In general, in 2011, there were 201 lost healthy years for every 1000 individuals in Australia as a result of death, injury or disease (AIHW, 2016b). This represents an equivalence of a total of 4.5 million DALYs. Globally, diabetes was ranked the fourteenth largest DALYs cause Diabetes impacts the affected people, families and nations economically, with direct or indirect costs. Due to the costs associated with medical treatment, loss of work and lack of independency, economic losses are experienced even by health systems as well as national economies. The cost for diabetic patients usually result from outpatient and medical care but also the increased expenditure for analogue insulins which are prescribed in most cases significantly play a role in further contributing to economic losses. Diabetes is highly significant in public health due to various factors. Firstly is due to its increasing prevalence as already discussed above. Secondly is due to its high cause of mortality, either directly or indirectly. Thrirdly is because diabetes elevates the risk of other diseases (American Diabetes Association, 2013). The disease is correlated with a diverse other health problems. For example, studies suggest that diabetic individuals are at more likelihood of dying from other diseases such as cancer compared to non diabetic individuals (American Diabetes Association, 2013). Additionally, there is an association between diabetes and premature deaths from a wide variety of causes such as stroke and heart disease. According to American Heart Association, (2015), a strong association between cardiovascular disease and diabetes exist, with at least 16% and 68% of diabetic individuals aged above 65 years die from certain forms of stroke or heart disease respectively. This may be as sociated with to blood vessels, kidney, nerves and eyes damage, caused by diabetes over time. Moreover, the likelihood of diabetic individuals dying from hear disease is twice that of non-diabetic. Diabetic individuals in most cases also bear some other health conditions including hypertension, abnormalcholestrol and high levels of triglycerides (American Heart Association, 2015). The elevation of risk for such diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease contributes greatly to the public health significance of diabetes. Diabetes is also associated with other health complications that lead to adverse outcomes especially when not properly managed. Extreamly high blood glucose levels may trigger conditions such as hyperosmolar in diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis in both type 1 and diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, abnormally low levels of blood glucose may result to loss of conciousness and seizures (WHO, 2016). Diabetes also increases the risk for development of foot ulcers and infections, resulting to limb amputation. Kidney failure and blindness are also health prolems linked to diabetes. All these complications related to diabetes makes it important to public health as it leads to adverse outcomes such as mortality rate increase . The public health significance of diabetes is also contributed by multiple chronic comorbidities (MCCs). This is because MCCs are not only prevalent, but also increase disease burden as well as cost. According to Lin, Kent, Winn, Cohen, Neumann, (2015), diabetic patients have considerable cormobidities such as hyperlipidemia, depression, obesity, asthma, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, cancer, arthritis, retinopathy and heart failure. The study revealed that 80% of diabetic patients had at least one other chronic condition and 51% had more than three. In this regard, diabetes is highly significant in public health. Broad Diabetes Determinants The underlying diabetes determinants are similar throughout the world. The wellbeing of diabetic patients is determined by a range of aspects including social, economic, behavioral, cultural and environmental determinants. Cormobidities has been shown to be a determinant too (Maddigan, Feeny, Johnstone, Majumdar, Farris, 2006). Social determinants include income, educational attainment, employment insecurity, living standards and life stress (Hill, Nielsen, Fox, 2013). These factors determine the development as well as progression of diabetes. Social determinants are correlated with disproportionate chronic disease development and the difficulties in managing them. The prevalence and incidence of diabetes have been shown to socially graded. Individuals with less education and who earn less are two to four times at more likelihood of developing diabetes compared to more educated and more economically advantaged. Similarly, individuals who are unemployed, have low standards of living and exposed to stress also are more likely to develop diabetes. Cultural determinants also significantly contribute to diabetes. Traditional practices and cultural beliefs affect all diabetes aspects (Sachdeva, et al, 2015). Such determinants include perception regarding the disease, its diagnosis and assessment, expectation from care givers and care seeking behavior. These cultural determinants influence the management of diabetes (Sachdeva, et al, 2015). Environmental determinants, either genetical or non-genetical, are also linked to diabetes, and particularly type1 diabetes. Such environmental triggers include early exposure to rubella, enterovirus infection, hyperbiliru-binemia and ABO incompatibility during pregnancy (TEDDY Study Group, 2008). Exposure to such factors has been proposed to progress type 1 diabetes, although research is still underway to clearly clarify this. For non-genetic envirinmental determinants, they include dietary suppliments, obesity, western lifestyles, glycemic control and exposure to organic contaminants (Murea, Ma, Freedman, 2012). Diabetes Individual Risk Factors The risk factors for diabetes depend on kind of diabetes affecting an individual. For type 1 diabetes, investigation and research studies are being conducted to determine the risk factors (International Diabetes Federation, n.d). However, the risk of developing this type of diabetes is elevated if it exists in the family. Moreover, exposure to some viral infections and other environmental factors have been proven to increase the risk of having type 1 diabetes (TEDDY Study Group, 2008).For type 2 diabetes, various risk factors have been outlined. These factors associated with elevated risk include increase in age, overweight, family history of the disease, physical inactivity, unbalanced diets, ethinicity, impaired glucose tolerance, high blood pressure, and poor nutrition through pregnancy (International Diabetes Federation, n.d). Increased risk due to ethnicity can be associated with genetics and adaptation to environmental influences of lack physical exercises and poor diets. In ad dition, gestational diabetic women have elevated risks of having type 2 diabetes. Framework for Prevention of Chronic Diseases There are various frameworks that have been proposed and implemented to prevent, control or manage chronic diseases. Among them is the stepwise framework for action which is utilized by Global Alliance Against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD). The planning steps of GARD corresponds to strategic action plans and objectives of the World Health Organization (WHO, n.d). The stepwise framework can be broadly divided intpo planning steps and policy implementation steps as shown below. Here, the focus is on estimating the chonic disease burden as well as population needs. The risk factors are identified and surveillance undertaken for trends in burden, costs, quality and even care affordability. Additionally, action advocation to combat the disease is done to raise awareness . To ensure that chronic diseases are allocated the appropriate priority and organization of resources is efficient, a national policy and framework for planning is developed. The developed policy and plan should be able to promote health via prevention of the disease, recommend affordable and simple tools of diagnosis of the condition and control and ensure accessibility of drugs for the condition. The appropriate steps to be employed depending on the needs identified and policy developed are identified. Implementation Step 1: Interventions practicable to employ in the short range with existing resources put in action. Implementation Step 2: Inteventions feasible in the medium term with a projected increase that is realistic or resources reallocation are put in action Implementation step 3: Evidence-based interventions pastexisting resources' reach are put in action Stepwise Framework in Diabetes Prevention The stepwise framework can be effectively be applied in the prevention of diabetes. This framework proposes a practical and flexible public health strategy to help public health departments throughout the world balance the many needs as well as priorities while at the same time implementing interventions that are evidence-based (Epping-Jordan, Galea, Tukuitonga, Beaglehole, 2005). The framework has been implemented in nations such as Phillipines, Indonesia,Tonga and Vietnam to prevent different chronic diseases, an indication that the it is applicable. In this regard, it can be applied to prevent diabetes in both developed and developing countries, where precise interventions will be applied depending on the results after each steps discovery. According to World Health Organization, n.db, while using the stepwise framework, each country is supposed to consider diverse factors so as to establish priorities. In this regard, the framework is applicable in prevention of a number of chronic conditions including diabetes since specific needs and risk factors will be assessed, a specific policy formulated depending on the discovered needs and appropriate implementation steps identified. The implementation action will then be chosen after careful consideration of various factors. Applicability of this framework is thus, not limited to any country or chronic condition. This makes the stepwise framework an important tool in prevention and control of diabetes. The stepwise framework is applicable in preventing diabetes in all three prevention stages which include primary deterrence, secondary avoidance and tertiary prevention. For primary deterrence, protection of non-diabetic individuals will be achieved through public awareness that will be created. Awareness will be emphasized regarding importance of healthy diets, avoiding obesity and physical activity. In regard to secondary prevention, the framework will assist in developing interventions to assist individuals with early diagnosed diabetes to control and reduce its impacts on their daily lives. Lastly, the framework will also develop evidence-based interventions to assist diabetic individuals whose conditions have been longterm, progressing to cause other complications and disabilities. All the prevention dimensions can be achieved through the stepwise framework since interventions are developed depending on the needs and population of patients under consideration. Conclusion Therefore, diabetes is a chronic disease still of concern to the public health and although measures to reduce its prevalence, incidence, mortality and complications have been done in Autralia as well as other countries globally, adequate measures are still deficient. The disease is still a significant burden to individuals, families and nations. Governments ought to consider diabetic issue more , raise public awareness regarding important characteristics of the disease and advocate fo prevention and control measures at individual as well as nation-wide level. Knowledge of risk factors by the public will further enable prevention. Additionally, application of prevention and management frameworks will assist in reducing the complexity of reducing the burden of this disease. References American Diabetes Association, ADA. (2013). Diabetes Increases the Risk of Other Diseases. Retrieved on April 4 2017 from https://www.diabetes.org/research-and-practice/patient-access-to-research/diabetes-and-cause-specific.html American Heart Association, AHA(2015). Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes. Retrieved on April 4 2017 from https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Diabetes/WhyDiabetesMatters/Cardiovascular-Disease-Diabetes_UCM_313865_Article.jsp/#mainContent Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, AIHW. (2016). Diabetes .Retrieved on April 4 2017 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/diabetes/ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, AIHW. (2016b). Are we a Healthy Nation? Retrieved on April 4 2017 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/australias-health/2016/in-brief/healthy-nation/ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, AIHW. (2015). Chronic Diseases .Retrieved on April 4 2017 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/chronic-diseases/ CDC. (2016). Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion .Retrieved on April 4, 2017 from https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/ Epping-Jordan, J., Galea, G., Tukuitonga, C., Beaglehole, R. (2005). Preventing Chronic Diseases: Taking Stepwise Action. Lancet , 366(9497): 1667-1671. Hill, J., Nielsen, M., Fox, M. H. (2013). Understanding the Social Factors that Contribute to Diabetes: Ameans to Informing Health Care and Social Policies for the Chronically III. The Permanente Journal , 17(2): 67-72. International Diabetes Federation, I. (n.d). Risk Factors .Retrieved on April 4 2017 from https://www.idf.org/about-diabetes/risk-factors Lin, P.-J., Kent, D. M., Winn, A., Cohen, J. T., Neumann, P. J. (2015). Multiple Chronic Conditions in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Consequences . AJMC , 21(1): e23-e34. Maddigan, S. L., Feeny, D. H., Johnstone, J. A., Majumdar, S. R., Farris, K. B. (2006). Understanding the Determinants of Health for People with Type 2 Diabetes . American Journal of Public Health , 96(9): 1649-1655. Murea, M., Ma, L., Freedman, B. I. (2012). Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Vascular Complications . Review of Diabetic Studies , 9(1): 6-22. Sachdeva, S., Khalique, N., Ansari, M. A., Khan, Z., Mishra, S. K., Sharma, G. (2015). Cultural Determinants: Addressing Barriers to Holistic Diabetes Care . Journal of Sociology and Health Diabetes , 3(1): 33-38. TEDDY Study Group. (2008). The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1150: 1-13. WHO. (n.d). Stepwise Framework for Action . 56-101. Retrieved on April 4 2017 from https://www.google.com/search?q=stepwise+framework+of+chronic+disease+controloq=stepwise+framework+of+chronic+disease+controlgs_l=mobile-heirloom-serp.12...25.30866.0.31790.54.50.0.1.1.0.1045.3937.0j1j5j2j6-1j1.10.0....0...1c.1.34.mobile-heirloom-serp..45.9.2853.MlPwspxkXpc#spf=1 World Health Organization, W. (2016). Global Report on Diabetes . Switzerland: WHO Press. World Health Organization, W. (n.d ). Overview-Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment . Retrieved on April 4 2017 from https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/part1/en/index17.html

Phillis Wheatley Essays - American Slaves, , Term Papers

Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley, one of America's most profound writers, has contributed greatly to American literature, not only as a writer, but as an African American woman, who has influenced many African Americans by enriching their knowledge of and exposure to their Negro heritage and Negro literature. As one of America's most renown writers, Wheatley, said to be the mother of African American Literature, is best known for her sympathetic portrayals of African American thought. Wheatley's literary contributions are vast in nature and distinguish her apart from most writers of her era. Her writings have helped in the molding of the African American tradition and are favored by people of all ethnic backgrounds. Phillis Wheatley was born on the West coast of Africa. Her exact birthplace is unknown; however it is assumed that she was born near Senegambia, a territory that today is divided between the nation of Senegal and Gambia. Wheatley's birthplace is assumed to be near Senegambia because it was in this territory that Wheatley and others were introduced into the vile conditions of slavery. Kidnapped by slave agents at the age of seven, young Phillis had to endure the struggle to America alone. "Frail young Phillis probably survived the grim voyage to America only because she was in a loose pack. If she had been part of a tight pack she might not have survived" (Franklin, 223) Phillis Wheatley arrived in Boston Massachusetts in 1761 at the age of eight. It was undoubtedly here where she was first exposed to the harsh conditions of the South. On the "stalls and auction blocks at the slave market", a wealthy Caucasian woman, named Susannah Wheatley purchased Phillis as "her personal servant and companion" (Loggins,98). Phillis Wheatley acquired her last name from Susannah Wheatley--it was the norm during this time period for slave owners to give their slaves their last names. She was named Phillis ironically"after the ship that brought her to slavery" (Loggias, 101). As a child, Phillis Wheatley was blessed with the gift to recite poetry. Wheatley quickly mastered the English language as well as Latin, and soon began to write verses. During this time, is was uncommon for slaves to be as literate and proficient in the English language or any other language, as Phillis Wheatley was. Wheatley not only knew how to comprehend the language, she also knew how to write the language. This accomplishment made it evident that slaves were equally as intelligent if not more than their slave owners and perfectly capable of understanding any concept. Within sixteen months of her arrival, she was reading astronomy, geography, history, and British literature. Wheatley was able to break a language barrier that had held so many others of her race back. Her desire for learning increased and the quest for knowledge became embedded in her spirit, mind, and soul. By her teenage years, Wheatley was a well known author, reciting poems for the New England elite in homes where blacks could not even sit at the table with whites. Phillis Wheatley made many contributions to American literature. Other than successfully representing and expressing the feelings of anger, frustration, and impatience of African American people abroad, she has paved the way for young aspiring African American writers. In 1771, Wheatley composed her first major work, "On an elegy to evangelist George Whitefield." After realizing Wheatley's potential for excellence, Susannah Wheatley arranged a London publication of Wheatley's poems. As a result of this, prominent Bostonians verified the book's author as being Black. Britons praised the book, but criticized Americans for keeping its author enslaved. At this time, Americans were only interested in benefiting White America, and were not prepared for the fact that Britons would criticize their slave policy. In 1774, she wrote a letter repudiating slavery, which was reprinted and distributed throughout New England. The fact that she was able to publicly denounce slavery is evidence of influential voice as an African American during this time. In 1775, Wheatley wrote "Reply" which was the first recorded celebration of African American Heritage by an African American. Wheatley's popularity among the elite of Massachusetts grew rapidly. As the first African American to compose a book of imaginative writing, Wheatley is the originator of the African American literary tradition and also of the African American women's tradition. Wheatley combined the influences of religion and neo-classicism in her poems. She articulated the theme of freedom in many of her works. For instance, Phillis Wheatley made political comments supporting American freedom from Britain. Her numerous elegies suggest a conscious poetic escape from slavery. She celebrates death and the rewards and

Four-Cycle Approach to Strategic Management essays

Four-Cycle Approach to Strategic Management essays Decisions are made from developing and analyzing alternatives and making a choice. Through a series of decisions or choices, executives can define, develop plans, goals and objectives, and set a desired course for the future of an organization. In the article, A four-cycle approach to strategy development and implementation, by William Finnie, strategy is defined as the management of change or adaptation of external circumstances and the creation of a desired future. Every organization has some kind of strategy in place, but through the development of an effectively implemented strategic plan a company can more readily meet the requirements of it customers. The four cycles that Finnie describes are strategy development, management review of changes and finalization of strategies and objectives, functional goals and action plans, and budgeting and resource allocation. In the first step of the cycle, strategy development, an organization would perform situation analysis, define the business, identify objectives, develop a generic strategy, establish customer-oriented strategies, and establish competitor-oriented strategies. From these steps, a basic strategy is developed. In the first step a company would review its environment or the external factors that would affect the business. By identifying threats and opportunities from the external factors, management can identify pending weaknesses. Management will then define its business which is an important step as the way the company is defined is a strategy in itself. Management will then define a strategic objective of the companys long-terms goals in areas of quality or customer satisfaction and market share. From there the companys generic strategy is developed. Finnie describes a generic strategy as a broad strategic approach to creating a defensible position in the industry identifying a competitive advantage. The final steps in t...

Analysis of The Red Convertible by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay

Analysis of The Red Convertible by Charlotte Perkins Gilman - Essay Example Angered, Lyman smashes the convertible. Henry realizes their convertible is run-down. He repairs the convertible and they drive to the river with his brother. The two make a fire by the banks of the river and spends the moment talking. They disagree and fight. Henry jumps in the river to cool off. He drowns and Lamartine fail to rescue him. Lamartine starts the car and plunges it into the river. Symbolism in The Red Convertible The red convertible is an important symbol in the story. The brothers bought the convertible and used it to tour different places. The narrator expresses that they enjoyed each other’s company as they drove to different places together. This is a representation of the normalcy of life before the effects of war. Henry goes to war, and he separates with his brother. Lamartine takes the car apart to demonstrate their separation. After three years away from home, Henry comes back home a different man. Lamartine does not like how Henry comes home withdrawn a nd disinterested in the things they enjoyed before the war. He laments to see how his brother is not returning back to his old self. Out of this devastation, he bangs up the convertible. This symbolizes the torn relationship between the brothers (Erdrich 464). Henry confronts the brother after noticing the state of the convertible. This is indicative of the reality that war veterans face after serving in the war. They find things different as if in a new life. Henry manages to repair the convertible. This points to the repair of his relationship with his brother as the convertible was one of the things that held the two brothers together before the war. When Henry finishes fixing up the convertible, he asks his brother to drive to the river with him. Lamartine thinks that things will go back to normal. His hopes end shortly when Henry jumps into the river and drowns. After he is unable to save his brother, he sends the car plunging into the river so that to give it to his brother. T he demise points to the destructive effects that war has on veterans. It destroys the veterans and their relationships with others. After Henry returns from the war, he does not change his boots and his clothes (Erdrich 464). This is indicative of the permanent memories that veterans carry from the war. These include the horrors and scars they incur in the war. He refuses to change into the clothes he wore before going to war. This expresses difficulty that war veterans experience in resuming their normal lives. Bonita takes a photograph of her two brothers before they drive off to the river. In the photograph, the two look different. Lamartine’s face that comes out as being round, big and right out the sun is the representation of a person who has not been to war. Henry’s face is wrinkled, drawn back and has shadows (Erdrich 465). This represents the state of the soul of a person who has been to war. Henry does not like watching the color television. He becomes violen t to his brother over it. The color from the color television makes him re-experience the horrors he witnessed in the war. This is a common symptom with war veterans. Themes in The Red Convertible Change Change is most prominent in the story. Henry and Lamartine start as good friends who trust each other and enjoy each other’s company. They buy the red convertible together and gets away on a summer vacation. Their adventures in the red convertible express their innocence and freedom in life. They appreciate one another and are close. Henry slept

Evaluating the recruiting function Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evaluating the recruiting function - Coursework Example By spending more time making a follow-up call, each recruiting sources can increase the chances wherein qualified job applicants would accept their job offers. By limiting the number of accredited recruiting sources, each one of them will be forced to create and maintain a positive image as one of St. Vincent Hospital’s accredited recruiting sources. I would eliminate private employment agency as one of St. Vincent Hospital’s recruitment sources because its average cost per nurse is as high as $2,000.00. It means that it is too costly to recruit nurses from this particular recruitment sources. Because of the relatively low ‘above-average rating’, I would also remove walk-ins (1.00), internet applications (2.40), and university programs (3.43). If I need to cut down some more, I would purposely remove hospital-based schools, public employment agency, direct mail, and state nursing association meeting simply because I am not sure about the nurses’ one-year survival and their above-average ratings. Making follow-up calls on job applicants seem to the most easiest to improve. To effectively decrease the yield ratios from the first recruitment stage to the next level, perhaps it is best on the part of the recruiting sources to use a benchmark of 75% when selecting qualified applicants for the actual interviews. Basically, the reason for maintaining the 75% benchmark is because not all candidates who will attend the actual interview would accept the job offer. This will save the recruitment sources a lot of time and effort from losing all potential

Cyber attacks and digital terrorism

Cyber attacks and digital terrorism 1.a.Cyber Attack and Digital Terrorism Introduction There are various reasons why people initiate cyber attacks or execute digital terrorisms, whatever it is, the goal is to cause damage and destruction, with motivations that range from anything personal, political, economic or all. Below are list of few reasons why cyber attack and digital terrorism occurs: i.Personal Anger people who are psychologically angry at their organization, for whatever reason for example not being promoted for long time or no increment in the salaries or made redundant. The individual might plant viruses into the companys network or delete some of the important functions of a program which may create problem in the future. It can happen even a superior is pressurizing his subordinate. The subordinate may embed a virus in an e-mail attachment in a view to corrupt the superiors computer as revenge. This type of doings can be categorized as a personal digital terrorism. ii.Hired Service Occasionally individual can hired another individual (usually professionals intruders) to hack into someones computer network and steal important information or destroy the computer by wiping off all digital trails and the intruder is paid substantially. Even then the professional intruder can double-cross by inform the targeted company that the companys network infrastructure is at risk and he can solve the problem. This type of activity can be classified as a professional digital terrorism. iii.Ransom Money Sometime a person might need money desperately and nobody is there to help him, the banks also do not want to give a loan because of poor credit history, even family members do not have money to support him but this person may have special skills. He informs the bank that he have planted a logic bomb into their network which will activate at a certain time and will cause severe damage or even crash the banks networking system. He/she may ask for ransom money. Once the money is received, the de-activate code for the logic bomb will be send to the bank. This type of activity can be classified as a personal desperate digital terrorism. iv.Political War These is typically against There are some people who get politically angry because those in power do not agree with their views or wishes. They want to display their peoples power or dislike by conducting demonstrations etc. One way as a warning is planting logic bombs with a ransom note that says unless the demands are met then the logic bomb will go off. This is typical against governments or organization/union of governments like The G8, APEC Summit, World Economic Forum etc. This type of activity can be classified as a political group digital terrorism. v.Declared War There exist true terrorist organizations that have publicly declared their all out war against countries or organizations. They have named their sworn-out enemies. Conducting cyber attacks is one of their strategies to achieve their aims everything is possible in war. Each side will try to destroy or cripple each others war machineries and capabilities. For example: In the UN against Iraqi War, the whole radar system of Iraq was jammed by the US during the early phases of the war. All electronic and computer communications infrastructure of Iraq were crippled. This type of activity can be classified as an expected political digital war tactics and not really digital terrorism. 1.b. What are viruses, worms, Trojan horses, logic bombs and DOS attacks? Viruses A virus is a small piece of malicious code that attacks a computer program or file. A virus can attack a computer in different ways by attaching itself to other software programs or data files in order to be executed, usually without user knowledge or permission, which can cause clogging computer memory, destroy programs or data, reformat a computer hard disk or can cause a program to run improperly. Virus typically spreads from computer to computer when action such as sending an email attachment or copying an infected file(as we know companies are going online, so uses net is extensively in dealing ). As we know anti-virus softwares are designed to check computer system and drives for the presence of computer viruses. Antivirus programs databases are constantly being updated to combat and prevent such attacks. It is recommended Firms those uses net extensively in dealing with its branches, customers and suppliers, it is highly recommended to continually update their anti-virus softw are with recent virus signature files. Worms A worm is a type of virus that has the ability to multiply or copy itself from one machine to another, gradually over a network. The two key differences between a virus and a worm are the multiplying or copying effect and the spreading across to other computers whereas a virus may not multiply itself and may attack only just one computer. A Trojan horse This is a security-breaking program that is introduced into a computer and serves as a way for an impostor to re-enter the computer in the future. It may be hidden as something innocent such as a screen saver or a game. It can damage, delete, or destroy important files, essentially do anything it is programmed to do. The key thing here is not in the type of damage but in how it enters a computer i.e. by a deceptive way. A logic bomb This is a program that is introduced into a computer and set to take action at a certain time or when a specified event occurs. It can do anything it was programmed to do. A DOS (Denial of Service) attack These are action being implemented by invading a large number of computers on the network (usually internet) and instructing the computers to simultaneously send repeated messages to a target computer, thus either overloading the computers input buffer or jamming the communication lines into the computer so badly that legitimate users cannot obtain access to the targeted computer. The key terms here are jamming the target computer or computers so that those targeted computers can no longer provide services (i.e. users are denied of the services). Some people refer to DOS attacks as the Ping of Death or the Teardrop. Information and Identity theft in the digital world The word Theft is simply obtaining something (materials or non-materials) through illegal means.   So information theft is obtaining information illegally, for example, without the owners permission. Publicly published information is legally public and therefore, having such information by whatever means is never considered stealing or theft. Identity theft according to the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is someone (somebody else) is appropriating your personal information without your knowledge to commit fraud or theft. For example, an identity thief uses information about someone, such name, address, social security number, credit card number and/or other identifying information to impersonate you and obtain loans or purchase items under your credit. Information theft is simply about stealing information for whatever use the thief wants it for, whereas identity theft is the extension of information theft with the user wanting to impersonate you or be identified as you using that stolen identification information to be used for many things, good and mostly bad. A thief can use the stolen identification information for criminal activities including validating against computer software systems: the banks identification system (to steal your money in the bank), the credit card system (to use your credit card to buy things), the immigration system (to run out of the country) and many more. It all looks like it is actually you performing those activities and not the thief. A thief who is also a hacker can do more, for example, penetrate the records registry system (to hack and change your date of birth, your gender status, your parents names, etc), the police crime database system (to hack and say that you committed a crime which you never did), the university records system (to hack and change your grades from A to F, to change your major degrees etc ), the White House Security System (to visit and say hello to the most powerful man in the world), the FBI and CIA computer systems etc. Conclusion: Web application attacks are increasing drastically because there is a lack of knowledge in securing the applications, especially during the development and deployment stages of the applications. To control or avoid this menace, we must ensure that security is being implemented not only during the coding stage, but also the deployment stage. The operations of a Web application must be monitored by the administrator so any exploits can be detected earlier and damages can be minimized or avoided such as using an intrusion detection system to monitor and filter Web traffic. It is also recommended for all organizations to conduct a security audit assessment to ensure that an application is secured before it is published to the public.